Lori Cole
Mr. Samra
English 152

2 December 2007

Canned Hunting Migrates to the United States

Hunting an animal that has usually been raised in captivity, in an enclosure from which that the animal cannot escape is referred to as Canned Hunting. South Africa is currently in the news introducing legislation to outlaw such acts of inhumane violence upon their exotic animals. Lynn Santer, author of Land of the Free, stated that seventy million U.S. dollars a year is spent in South Africa from the Americans who want to easily kill an exotic animal. The effect that these hunts have on the native African culture, along with the fact that it is not financially beneficial to the local citizens is appalling. Moreover, the economics of South Africa are not a reflection of the enormous incoming revenue received from canned hunting. Large hunting organizations, such as the Safari Club International, are using their enormous bank accounts to fight legislation currently in Congress to ban canned hunting in the United States. Widespread education regarding this unethical sport will apply pressure to our representatives to pass legislation to ban Canned Hunting in the United States.

The Safari Club International (SCI), Headquarters in Texas, signed a petition to persuade Botswana to overturn bans it saw fit to protect its endangered species. Santer, author and animal activist, reflects back to 1996 in an e-mail communication, where Safari Club claimed there were eleven million big game hunters in the U.S. alone. There aren't eleven million big game in the whole world. Canned Hunting also takes place on Cole 2 ranches in the United States, where animals are fed in a timely manner until the day of the hunt. Unaware of their fate, they come to satisfy their daily feeding ritual; the animal becomes a rich man's guaranteed trophy. There are few laws in the United States to prohibit citizens from owning exotic animals, making the ranches for canned hunting a very profitable business. Tippi Hedren (actress, animal activist) is introducing legislation in Congress that will prohibit citizens from breeding exotic animals for personal possession. The Roar Foundation's Shambala was founded by Tippi Hedren (L.A. California) to rescue exotic cats to live out the remainder of their lives in peace. This can sometimes be a twenty year commitment.

Godfrey Mwakikagile, author of Poverty is a Problem in Africa acknowledges that in 1981 Africa was the poorest of the six populated continents. The combined gross domestic product of merely $203.49 billion was a dismal statistic (17). The majority of the poverty of their people is due to a corrupt government. Billions of dollars of foreign aid has been stolen. There is real poverty in South Africa with no hope for occupation. The University of California Press, which was copyrighted in 1981, states that the unemployment rate in South Africa rose around 26 percent (South Africa 144). The government officials tend to be indifferent to their citizens' sufferings, allowing their people to live in anguish while their stomachs are swollen with an indecent diet. Godfrey Mwakikagile reports seventy percent of Africans are either destitute or on the verge of poverty. In addition, only one in every four Africans has access to clean water. Sadly enough, Africa's population is expanding at a rate of 2.8 % annually, while the food production is expanding at 1.5% (22). Godfrey Mwakikagile found that Africa has 24% Cole 3 of the world's land and as many people as the Americas, but its economics are the world's poorest (20). Hence, the local Africans are obviously not financially benefiting from the previously mentioned minimum seventy million dollars a year paid to South Africa by the U.S. Safari Hunters.

Servaas D. le Roux uncovers the beginnings of hunting in the book Pioneers and Sportman of South America. In 1661, a man named Pieter Roman was the first recorded hunter to be killed by an elephant in South Africa. The desire to hunt in South Africa dates back to 1760 by Jacobus Coetsee when he made a journey in pursuit of elephants. He came back with such raving reviews that he and Hendrick Hop organized a large party to visit the newly discovered land in 1761 (2). There is no record of the game met with in the parts visited, but it is interesting to note that the skin of a giraffe which had been brought back by the expedition was the first ever to reach Europe from South Africa (4). It seems as though man has always had a desire to conquer these huge South African mammals.

Ivan Player, author of An Understanding of African Tradition Is Needed to Preserve Africa's Wilderness, investigated the native African Culture. "When they killed their animals, they did so with deep respect because they said that every animal had a spirit and it had to be acknowledged…." (193). The film The Hunters illustrates the native South African hunting to feed his family, and the rituals that were followed after the kill in order to respect the animal's spirits. The manner in which the trophy hunters come to obtain their prize is contrary to their doctrine. Shana Alexander highlights in The Astonishing Elephant, since the beginning of time elephants have had a religious ancestry, associated with water and rainfall, the primordial giver of life to dust (73). Elephants have also been noted to guard the tree of life, rule the sky, and venerate the moon and stars (74). For this reason, the brutal manner in which the U.S. hunters take their trophies in South Africa is against the natives' faith. In communications with Lynn Santer, she explains the locals are offended by the actions of the Safari hunter; however, their lives would be in danger if they interfered in anyway.

Canned hunting is an inhumane act upon exotic animals. The Humane Society describes a typical canned hunt in their article, Instant Gratification: The Canned Hunting Industry In South Africa:

"The hunter can fly into a hunting farm, eat a gourmet dinner and then spend the night in a luxurious hunting lodge. The next day, he will be given a high powered rifle with a brief orientation on how to use it and then will be driven to the 'shooting area.' It is usually a fenced enclosure from which there is no escape."

The essentials are always the same regardless of the cost of the trip: an animal that is either fenced in, lured to a feeding station, or habituated to humans, with odds so heavily in the hunter's favor, that there is little risk of leaving without a trophy" (2). It seems strange that the ego of the hunter is satisfied by such an act, considering there is no real hunt involved.

The most favored to the Safari hunters are the Cats, Elephants, and Rhinos. These glorious animals all having their own unique characteristics puts their trophies in high demand. Sunquist and Sunquist, authors of Wild Cats of the World, observe The Lion,  (Panthera leo) is probably the most desired of most U.S. canned hunters; the mane of a lion comes in all sizes, generally increasing in length with age. The lion's shoulders and breasts are very strong, as is the forepart of its body. The social organization of the big cats consists of one male and many females, all hunting for themselves (286). Astonishingly enough, the roar of a lion can be heard for a span of five miles. It takes young lions a long time to become proficient hunters, spending the first several years beside their mother learning the skills. Throughout the time that a canned hunt is taking place, the cub may be watching nearby while the mother screams experiencing her agonizing death. The cub is then left abandoned, without hunting skills to survive on its own.

Knowledge of the individual animals is critical to create compassion by the public. Alexander explains, the African elephant, Loxodonta Africana, weighs in between 8,820 to 15,430 pounds and stands ten to thirteen feet tall (42). African elephants are threatened mostly by poachers. The elephant is known to be a keystone species, meaning that it modifies its habitat, to the benefit of other species (43). Thereupon, random hunting of this animal upsets the African environment. Rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum, now on the endangered species list, are still are hunted illegally for their horns. As noted in the African Rhinoceros site, the horns of the Rhino are made up of keratin, the same substance as the human hair and nail. The horn is stiff, matted hair compressed so that it is hard. Rhinos can sharpen their horns by rubbing them on rocks and trees (1). Meryl Harrison, animal welfarist, forwards an e-mail describing a hunter slaughtering three Rhino's at Imire Game Farm, located in Africa on November 16, 2007 for their horns:

"There were four armed poachers dressed in camouflage Poachers parked their car on the next door farm and walked to Riley's house. Riley was out on an anti poaching patrol at the time, luckily They tied up and beat the maid They beat up two other workers and made them take the poachers to the Rhino's pen They woke up all the Rhino guards, took away their weapons, roughed them up and tie them up. They fired ten rounds killing three adult Rhino, (four babies are fine) They didn't see the four week old baby Rhino in the corner Two other babies were in another pen on other side The Rhino had been dehorned six weeks ago so it only had an inch of new horn The poachers managed to hack away at one of the horns but were then scared off by the sound of a car. Word had gotten back to Riley about the shooting so he was on his way. The poachers car came from the Harare direction and sped off in the Wedza direction The police were called at 9:30 p.m. Wednesday night and did not arrive until 7 a.m. Thursday morning."

It is apparent that even though this species is endangered many hunters have a lack of respect for preserving these enormous creatures. Stephen Budiansky, author of If A Lion Could Talk, remarks on Darwin's parenthetical acknowledgment of enormous practical difference between human minds and animal minds. "A moral being is one who is capable of reflecting on his past actions and their motives" (xv). Furthermore, there are many more exotic animals that are hunted for trophy in South Africa and the United States, some being more financially beneficial than others.

The fascination of canned hunting began migrating to other countries. Jonathan Brown and Rob Sharp write in The Independent, "British tourists fuel Africa's cruel trade in 'canned hunting.'" This article explains how the British tourists are reliant on the slaughter of lions and other exotic animals in canned hunting environments in Africa. Rich hunters are willing to pay up to 625,000 pounds to shoot and stuff their trophy (1). The demand is said to be so great that animals are hand-reared from birth in cages and sold on to stock the growing number of game ranches where they end their lives in fenced-off killing enclosures.

This practice is even known to occur in South America. Jonathan S. Adams author of the Future of the Wild, Radical Conservation for a Crowded World, reflects upon a man that tracked a lion during a hunt. The dogs had led him on a chase to a bluff with thick trees. When he stopped to shoot the lion, it turned out to be a beautiful jaguar. Almost everywhere in South America the jaguar is noted for thunder, lightening, and rain. Adams' research reveals that there is a modern Indian myth that says that "the sun created the jaguar to be its representative on earth" (306). The man chose to take out his camera and take a picture, later opening a sanctuary for such animals (108). In like spirit, Mahatma Gandhi speaks of the "seven social sins": Knowledge without character, science without humanity, wealth without work, commerce without morality, politics without principles, pleasure without conscience, and worship without self-sacrifice.

The Safari Club International is the largest hunting organization in the United States, with headquarters in Texas. Chad Mason, contributor of The Christian Century, points out that there are over 500 canned hunt locations in Texas, far more than any other state (2). It is the leader in protecting the freedom to hunt and in promoting wildlife conservation worldwide. Hunters are encouraged to join this organization, spanning one hundred countries who share the same passion for hunting heritage and wildlife conservation (1). The SCI has bylaws to which their members are to adhere in order to become a member. Their Mission statement is the heartbeat of the Club, which is a reflection of each hunter who is a paying member:

"Providing value to members by shaping policies and legislation that protect the freedom to hunt locally, nationally, and internationally.

"Keeping members informed regarding issues that impact hunting while educating and camaraderie is enjoyed. Entertaining members with engaging articles about the rich heritage of hunting the forms of media.

"Providing a community of hunters worldwide where information is exchanged, and where members are able to participate in a market for quality hunting goods and services.

"Promoting a positive image of hunters and portraying them as responsible citizens who fund wildlife conservation, education and other programs which benefit the community." (Safari Club International).

The International Wildlife Museum is one of the beneficiaries of the Safari Club International, where trophies are displayed for the public to view. Second, the SCI Foundation has a Humanitarian Service providing food and healthcare to the poor. Equally important, is their work in conservation. For instance, there is only so much land available along with only so much food. Animal populations must be reduced to protect the ecology, and to protect other species. Jens du Plessis points out in Controlling Hunting Will help Preserve Africa's Wildlife that preventing overpopulation comes at a cost. Through managed culling programs over-stocked populations are reduced. In Kenya alone between 30,000 and 50,000 zebras need to be culled yearly. Botswana, with over 300, 000 elephants have run into serious problems with over grazing and deforestation in many parts. The Kruger National Park is housing 7,000 elephants and they are increasing at 7 % per year. South Africa believes in conservation through utilization. Through managed culling and hunting programs numbers can be kept under control; using the culled animals' skins, their bones, and their horns to generate income conservation can be improved" (188). During a meeting with Richard J. Snider, Program Coordinator in Zoo & Aquarium Science at the Michigan State University, he explained the necessity of culling the elephant herd. He also expressed the need for South Africa to retain the monies from the U.S. hunters. There is a clear difference between culling due to conservation and canned hunting. As Jens du Plessis points out, South Africa does not believe in uncontrolled hunting and senseless killing or in "canned" hunting to satisfy some ego-maniac's lust for glory (Africa 189).

Keeping in mind the issues at hand, becoming a member of the Safari Club International binds the individual to the ethics listed above. Edward Hennessy once said, "Ethics must begin at the top of an organization. It is a leadership issue and the chief executive must set the example." Chris Mercer, Retired Advocate of the high Courts of Zimbabwe and Botswana, Founder of the Campaign Against Canned Hunting, points out in The New Canned Hunting Regulations in South Africa, that "Although compliance with policies will be monitored by the provincial conservation officials (the very people who have shown in the past that they are incapable of monitoring their cronies in the hunting industry,) compliance with so-called ethical standards of hunting has be shrugged off by government on to the very people who have caused so much harm to the animals and who have shown that they are unable to regulate themselves, namely the hunting clubs." The Safari Club International gives prizes to hunters who have shot the most animals during the year. "Special prizes are awarded to their members who have killed the most endangered species" (1). John Adams once stated, "Because power corrupts, society's demands for moral authority and character increase as the importance of the position increases." President Adams was trying to tell the nation that the high powered positions should demonstrate to the nation an example that all citizens should follow.

An average South African hunt usually consists of a tour package. The package may include a three day, five day, or even longer stopover. During that time, the hunter is toured to see the sights of South Africa. Some of the exotic animals have actually become accustomed to periodic human contact, and may come surprisingly close to a tourist. Canned Hunting is most offensive due to the lack of fair chase. These animals are enclosed, sometimes sedated, also having previous human contact. Jim Posewitz is a biologist, and the author of Beyond Fair Chase, discusses the concept of a fair chase, "Fundamentals to ethical hunting is the idea of fair chase. This concept addresses the balance of the hunter and the hunted. "It is a balance that allows hunters to occasionally succeed where the animals generally avoid being taken" (1). A hunt in the wild can consist of using live goats, hung from trees while smaller creatures feed upon it for days before the trophy animal takes the bait. In addition, animals are brought to enclosures expecting their daily feed, where the hunter is eagerly awaiting their trophy.

Furthermore, most of the exotics have been raised by humans either in ranch environment or in zoos. The retirement of exotic zoo animals can sometimes lead them down the road to a canned hunt. These animals trust humans and are confused and stunned by the act. Mark Twain said it well, "Nature knows no indecencies; man invents them." For example, Rick Orlov, Staff Writer for the Daily News writes in his article "Animal Transfer Policies Tightened", that Los Angles Zoo tightened their procedures for transferring animals when they learned that a verbal authorization was given to sell to a canned hunting ranch. The Los Angeles Zoo claims that it would have never happened if the transfer would have been written down on paper. Future transfers will only be made to licensed facilities by the American Zoo Association (1).

CBS released an article, "South Africa to End 'Canned Hunting,'" stating canned hunting will be outlawed in South Africa as of June 1, 2007. The environmental minister stated, "He was sickened by wealthy tourists shooting tame lions from the back of a truck and felling Rhinos with a bow and arrow." Marthinus Van Schalkwyk said they would ban "canned" hunting of big predators, such as Rhinos, in small enclosures that offer them no means of escape. The lions bred in captivity would have to be released into the open for at least two years before they could be hunted. He noted that South Africa is famous to the Big Five animals: lions, leopards, rhinoceros, elephants and buffalo. There are over nine thousand reserves to visit. The new law bans tranquilizing the animals. It outlaws bow and arrows for big predators and thick-skinned animals. It also bans chasing the animals with a vehicle until the animal is too tired to run (1). Many conservationists fear that this law is going to be hard to enforce, because it fell short of an outright ban on intensive breeding of lions, leopards and other predators. Once a lion has had human contact, it is hard to break that trust. Froude (1828- 1896) once proclaimed that "Wild animals never kill for sport. Man is the only one to whom the torture and death of his fellow creatures is amusing in itself."

The South African Predator Breeder's Association, lobbying against these regulations, has warned that they will have to euthanize three to five thousand lions that they have raised. They will not be able to offer them to U.S. hunters under the new law and they won't be able to feed them. They put in a claim for loss of compensation, earlier this year. The Professional Hunters' Association of South Africa says it's a chance to clean up the image of the South African Hunting industry. According to Stewart Dorrington President of the hunting body, up to seven thousand foreign tourists visit South Africa each year on hunting safaris, spending about eighteen thousand each, about fifty five percent are from North America, Many lion breeders thought that the intentions were empty threats; the practice of canned hunting cannot be defended (2).

Nonetheless, Mike Cadman documents in his article "Canned Hunting Draft Legislation in Need Of Some Real Teeth", The strictest aspects of the legislation in South Africa, focus on how and which animals may be killed but fails to adequately deal with the treatment of captive animals or suggest how conditions at existing breeding centres can be improved or better regulated (1). It is also unclear how proposed regulations will be enforced and fails to clear up the already muddled situation where all nine provinces utilize their own interpretation of hunting and captive breeding legislation. None of the legislation prevents the hunting of captive bred animals and it merely suggests ways of limiting "canned hunting." The vagueness of the legislation leaves many loopholes. Unless the legislation is redrafted and firm action taken the canned lion hunting issue will continue to disgrace South Africa (2). Furthermore, Chris Mercer in The New Canned Regulations in South Africa, expresses his concerns in the "oversights" in the new regulations in South Africa's laws. In Section 24 of their new canned hunting law, there is a gaping hole leaving out the protection of elephants. "It will still be legal to buy an elephant at a game auction, transport it to a farm and shoot it in an enclosure. It will still be legal to set a gin trap to catch an elephant (or hippo or buffalo, etc). An issuing authority may not issue a permit to hunt a listed large predator (Elephant or Rhino) by use of a bow and arrow. What is missing? Just about every other living creature, starting with the buffalo that will be continued to be used for target practice. The new regulations will still allow the hunters to drag the carcasses of dead animals while waiting for lions, Cole 14 leopards, and hyena's to appear. It is still legal to blind leopards and hyenas for fun before killing them. The use of dogs to restrain target animals is still allowed under the new policies, as long as the animals are wounded, however slightly" (2).

This trend of hunting has migrated to the United States and is most prevalent in Texas, where the headquarters of the Safari Club International exists. Mahatma Gandhi once explained, "The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated." The article "Why We Need The Sportsmanship in Hunting Act", the United States Humane Society estimates that there are more than 1,000 canned hunting ranches in at least 28 states. Some range in size between one acre and 10,000 acres, participants shoot their confined trophy for a fee, in a "no kill, no pay" arrangements. The more exotic the animal is, the higher the price. There is a law currently on the docket against canned hunting: S 304, The Sportsmanship in Hunting Act. This law would make it illegal to transfer, transport or possess in interstate or foreign commerce a confined exotic mammal "for the purpose of allowing the killing or injuring of that animal for entertainment or the collection of a trophy…"

The Key points to this new legislation are as follows: "The Sportsmanship in Hunting Act would have no impact on the hunting of indigenous wildlife. States would continue to mange traditional hunting. The bill covers only exotic mammals, those who are not historically indigenous to the United States." Birds such as doves, pheasants and mallard ducks, as well as mammals such as white-tailed deer and bears, are not covered by the bill.

It protects exotic mammals that have been confined-those "held in captivity for the shorter of (A) the greater part of the animal' life; or (B) a period of one year." Exotic mammals living as they would in the wild or on large preserves would not be covered by the legislation (though the ethics of hunting, such animals is still debatable.) According to the legislation, the period of captivity would not include any time when the animal " (A) lives as it would in the wild, surviving primarily by foraging for naturally occurring food, roaming at will over an open area of at least 1,000 acres and (B) has the opportunity to avoid hunters"(2).

CNN reports in Hunting Made Easy, that the sheer number of exotic animals for sale makes the problem hard to police. There are approximately 2,500 licensed animal exhibitors in the U.S., and only 200 hundred of them belong to the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, which condemns the sale of exotics to hunting ranches. The crowding that can result on the ranches leads to animals' being killed, not just by hunters, but also by disease that occurs in the dense population in which exotic animals may interact with native wildlife. While being transported sometimes across state lines, stressed by traveling and placed with other animals, exotics may spread diseases to native wildlife. Consequently, the Humane Society expresses their concerns in the article, "Chronic Wasting Disease: An Emerging Threat to America's Deer and Elk." CWD has been a problem among some game ranches, posing a threat to big game. Chronic Wasting disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy TSE). It attacks the nervous system and the brain of the infected animal. CWD is related to Mad Cow Disease. Furthermore there is no evidence that animals will recover once they are infected. There is also a threat of tuberculosis being passed from exotics to domestic animals. These concerns are prompting government to act, but the new laws could come with a price. In Texas alone, the hunt industry brings in one billion dollars a year(1). Richard Graham's article "RSA Hunting Regs May Get Overhaul: Hunting Restrictions Under Consideration in South Africa" in the Sports Afield Magazine, states that there is a clear difference between "extensive" and "intensive" wildlife production systems-referring to game ranches. Extensive systems are defined mostly by being self sustaining, while the intensive is reliant on human intervention for the well being of its wildlife. The report issued in late October by the panel of experts recommended a ban on hunting on intensive wildlife production units (1). This reporter also found that the recommendation was made to ban the import of alien species for hunting as well as the translocation of indigenous species outside their range. The United States should review and consider the findings of the expert panel in South Africa. This recommendation made to Schalkwyk proves that this behavior by hunters is unethical.

Furthermore, the sportsmen have even separated themselves on this issue. Canned hunting is exclusively for the rich; the average sportsman could not indulge in this even if he desired. This fact does not make it any fewer offensives, considering the lives of the exotic animals lost to this sport yearly. Possibly taking a look at what drives a man to act in such an unethical manner to produce a trophy on a wall is worth considering. Rev. F.C. Baker (1889-1961) stated, "To derive pleasure in being cruel is a very debasing matter. It shows a person to be unmindful of the sanctity of life and the meaning of life. There is something very foul and evil in the lives of men and women who delight in destroying helpless life, especially in what is known as 'blood sports.'" The Safari Club International is currently fighting all legislation to end canned hunting nationally, and has written letters internationally to persuade South Africa to stop current legislation from coming into effect. Wayne Pacelle of the HSUS, reported to the Washington Times "Congressional bills to stop "canned hunting" face death by a thousand cuts", that "Those too embarrassed or too timorous to kill a popular bill in a direct manner often resort to trying to kill it with a thousand cuts"(1). It appears that the Safari Club International and their elite members use their money and power to keep legislation from passing to ban canned hunting. Jesse Jackson said it well, "Leadership cannot just go along to get along. Leadership must meet the moral challenge of the day." The Humane Society and the sportsman may not agree on everything, but they do agree that canned hunting should not be tolerated. Most hunters disagree with the NRA and the trophy hunting groups on this issue. Hunters are shamed by the actions of the members of the Safari Club International's lack of fair chase. Theodore Roosevelt stated with wisdom, "The nation behaves well if it treats the natural resources as assets which it must turn over to the next generation increased, and not impaired in value." When American hunters go to South Africa for their Canned Hunt experience, they hide behind the mask of conservation. The United States offers no such excuse for these elite groups of hunters. As Americans we need to stop and reflect, look into the eyes of the trophies mounted on our walls, and consider the moral statues we might have broken.

Acknowledgments

I would like to pause and thank Lynn Santers, author animal activist, for her time and effort providing critical research information to bring this essay to life. Also, Tippi Hedren actress and animal activist, for all her time proofreading of the material and the unlimited support. Bravo!

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